مهندسی و مدیریت انرژی

مهندسی و مدیریت انرژی

بهینه‌سازی افزایش سریع ظرفیت تولید برق در نیروگاه های حرارتی ایران با رویکرد ارتقای کمپرسور و کمینه کردن هزینۀ سرمایه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده
گروه تجهیزات دوار مکانیکی، پژوهشگاه نیرو، تهران، ایران
چکیده
نیروگاه‌های حرارتی و بالطبع توربین‌های گازی همچنان از مهم‌ترین ابزارهای تولید برق به‌خصوص در ایران به شمار می‌آیند. ترکیب دو مشکل اساسی حال حاضر کشور شامل ناترازی برق و کمبود منابع ارزی، روش­های مقرون‌به‌صرفه افزایش تولید برق را از حالت ترجیحی به یک الزام تبدیل نموده است. استفاده از طرح‌های ارتقا برای توربین‌های گازی موجود در قیاس با احداث و نصب واحد جدید، علاوه بر اینکه در زمان بسیار کوتاه­تری عملیاتی می‌شود، هزینۀ سرمایه بسیار کمتری داشته و مقرون به‌صرفه‌تر است. طرح‌های ارتقای کمپرسور به‌عنوان بخش سرد توربین گازی، دارای ریسک و هزینۀ اجرای کمتری نیز می‌باشد. به همین دلیل استفاده بهینه از طرح‌های ارتقای کمپرسور، می‌تواند کمک شایانی به افزایش سریع ظرفیت و کاهش هزینه­های تولید نماید. در مقاله حاضر، ضمن ارائه طرح‌های عملیاتی ارتقای کمپرسور توربین‌های گازی غالب نیروگاه‌های ایران، تعیین بخشی از نیاز تولید برق سالیانه موجود در ترازنامه انرژی که توسط این طرح‌ها قابل تأمین است و مدل­سازی هزینۀ سرمایه هر طرح با توجه به پیچیدگی فناوری و قوانین مقیاس­پذیری سبد اعمال سالیانۀ طرح‌های ارتقای کمپرسور با استفاده از الگوریتم‌ بهینه‌سازی MILP برای هزینۀ سرمایه کمینه تعیین می­گردد. بر اساس نتایج با تمرکز بر طرح­هایی مانند گشودگی پره راهنمای ورودی در شرایط گرم محیطی یا فشرده­سازی مرطوب می­توان در یک دورۀ 5 ساله، حداقل 30 درصد از افزایش نیاز سالیانۀ تولید برق را با هزینۀ سرمایۀ بهینه تأمین نمود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

[1] Rafiei-Parsa, N., Maleki, F. Charati, R. Hakimirad, A. Detailed Statistics of the Iranian Electricity Industry, Ministry of Energy, Tavanir Holding Company, 2023.
[2] Bohrenkaempfer, G., Reiermann, D., Hoehe, G., Lingner, U., "Technology Evolution of the Proven Gas Turbine Models V94.2 and V84.2 for New UNITS and Service Retrofits," Siemens AG, Power Generation, Germany, 2004, https://www.scribd.com/document/41985910
 [3] Rechter, H., Steinert, W., Lehmann, K., "Comparison of Controlled Diffusion Airfoils with Conventional NACA 65 Airfoils Developed for Stator Blade Application in a Multistage Axial Compressor," Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 107, No. 2, pp. 494-498, 1985, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3239758
[4] Koller, U., Monig, R., Kusters, B., Schreiber, H.R., "Development of Advanced Compressor Airfoils for Heavy-Duty Gas Turbines Part I: Design and Optimization," ASME International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, June 7-10, 1999, https://doi.org/10.1115/99-GT-095
[5] Kwedikha, A.R.A, Aerodynamic Effects of Blade Sweep and Skew Applied to Rotors of Axial Flow Turbomachinery, Ph.D. Thesis, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 2009, https://repozitorium.omikk.bme.hu/items/008c05b0-3e5f-461d-b5d4-430f58ea2e55
[6] Malholtra, A., Goswami, S., Madathil, P.A, "Performance Deterioration of Axial Compressor Rotor due to Uniform and Non-uniform Surface Roughness," Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 236, No. 13, pp. 1-21, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1177/09544100211068912
[7] Tahani, M., Masdari, M., Salehi, M., Ahmadi, N., "Optimization of Wet Compression Effect on the Performance of V94.2 Gas Turbine," Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 143, pp. 955-963, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.07.065
[8] Ginter, T., "Uprate Options for the MS9001 Heavy Duty Gas Turbine," GER-3928C, GE Energy, Atlanta, 2008, https://manuals.plus/m/d9f433aea9385502b204608c791193b2edbe0cb632f6eeea805da4198f6b03a1.pdf
[9] Johnston, J. R., "Performance and Reliability Improvements for Heavy Duty Gas Turbines," ASME International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibition, Anaheim, California, USA, May 31–June 4, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1115/87-GT-24
[10] Borat, O., "Efficiency Improvement and Superiority of Steam Injection in Gas Turbines," Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 13-18, 1982, https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904(82)90004-8
[11] Shukla, A.K., Singh, O., "Performance Evaluation of Steam Injected Gas Turbine Based Power Plant with Inlet Evaporative Cooling", Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 102, pp. 454-464, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.03.136
 [12] Daiber, P.C., "Performance and Reliability Improvements for the MS5001 Gas Turbines," GER-4196, GE Power Systems, Atlanta, 2000, https://www.scribd.com/document/55238019/ger4196
[13] Irmisch, S., Bauer, A., Ferber, J., Kappis, W., Soumine, A., "How to Upgrade Gas Turbines to Meet Customer Requirements and be Fast to Market”, ASME Turbo Expo, Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, San Antonio, Texas, USA, June 3-7, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1115/GT2013-94902
[14] Alstom Report, GT13E2 Gas Turbines, Alstom Ltd, Switzerland, 2014, https://www.scribd.com/doc/127553856/Gt13e2-Gas-Turbine
[15] Farahani, A.S., Kohandel, H., Moradtabrizi, H., Khosravi, S., Mohammadi, E., Ramesh, A., "Power Generation Gas Turbine Performance Enhancement in Hot Ambient Temperature Conditions through Axial Compressor Design Optimization", Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 236, pp. 1-15, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121733
[16] Hosseini, R., Beshkani, A., Soltani M., "Performance Improvement of Gas Turbines of Fars (Iran) Combined Cycle Power Plant by Intake Air Cooling Using a Media Evaporator Cooler," Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 1055-1064, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2006.10.015
[17] Bassily, A.M., "The Application of Novel Techniques for Gas Turbine Inlet-cooling that Improve both the Power and Efficiency of the Modern Commercial Steam-air-cooled Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Power Plants in Hot and Humid Climates," Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, Vol. 229, No. 4, pp. 406-430, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1177/0957650915570348
[18] Khaledi, H., Zomorodian, R., Ghofrani, M.B., "Effect of Inlet Air Cooling by Absorption Chiller on Gas Turbine and Combined Cycle Performance," ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Orlando, Florida, USA, November 5-11, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2005-82231
[19] Shallcross, D.C., "Preparation of Psychrometric Charts for Water Vapour in Martian Atmosphere," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 48, No. 9, pp. 1785–1796, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.11.015
[20] Schneider, E., Bussjaeger, S.D., Franco, S., Therkorn, D., "Analysis of Compressor On-Line Washing to Optimize Gas Turbine Power Plant Performance," Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 132, No. 6, pp. 1–7, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4000133
[21] Allen, C.W., Balaji, P., Oliveira, M., "Axial Compressor Fouling and its Effect on Gas Turbine Fuel Consumption and Emissions," ASME Turbo Expo: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, Controls, Diagnostics, and Instrumentation; Cycle Innovations; Cycle Innovations; Energy Storage, September 21-26, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1115/GT2020-16089
[22] UK Electricity Generation Costs Update, Mott MacDonald, Victory House, United Kingdom, 2010, https://refman.energytransitionmodel.com/publications/1659
[23] Capital Cost Estimates for Utility Scale Electricity Generating Plants, U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy, Washington DC, 2016, https://www.scribd.com/document/515427743
[24] Karmarkar, N., "A New Polynomial-time Algorithm for Linear Programming", Combinatorica, Vol. 4, pp. 373–395, 1984, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02579150
[25] Dantzig, G. B., Linear Programming and Extensions, Princeton University Press, 1963, https://doi.org/10.7249/R366
[26] Murty, K. G., Linear Programming, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1983, https://doi.org/10.1002/net.3230150211
[27] Li, C., Conejo, A.J., Liu, P., Omell, B.P., Siirola, J.D., Grossmann, I.E., "Mixed-integer Linear Programming Models and Algorithms for Generation and Transmission Expansion Planning of Power Systems," European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 297, No. 3, pp. 1071–1082, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2021.06.024
[28] Kanugrahan, S.P., Hakam, D.F., Nugraha, H., "Techno-economic Analysis of Indonesia Power Generation Expansion to Achieve Economic Sustainability and Net Zero Carbon 2050," Sustainability, Vol. 14, No. 15: 9038, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159038
[29] An, K., Zheng, X., Shen, J., Xie, C., Wang, C., Cai, W., Bu, C., "Repositioning Coal Power to Accelerate Net-zero Transition of China’s Power System," Nature Communications, Vol. 16: 2311, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57559-2
[30] Rogalev, A., Lapin, I., Zlyvko, O., Malenkov, A., Zhikhareva, V., "Multi-Objective Optimization of Power Generation Systems in Developing Advanced Natural Gas-Fired Power Plants," Sustainability, Vol. 17, No. 23: 10795, 2025, https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310795
[31] Wang, X., Sun, Z., Tang, Y., "Capacity Optimization for Power System Decarbonization: A Comprehensive Multi-objective Analysis," Energy and Climate Management, Vol. 1, No. 2: 9400003, 2025, https://doi.org/10.26599/ECM.2025.9400003
[32] Nguyen, V.D., Ha, D.D., Nguyen, T.H.T., Nguyen, D.H., "Generation Expansion Planning toward Net Zero Target Considering Co-firing Green Fuel, CCUS Installation and Early Decommissioning in Thermal Power Plants: A Case Study of Vietnam," AIMS Energy, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 540-568, 2025, https://doi.org/10.3934/energy.2025021
[33] Hunt, B.R., Lipsman, R.L., Rosenberg, J.M., Coombes, K.R., Osborn, J.E., Stuck, G.J., A Guide to MATLAB, for beginners and experienced users, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791284
[34] ISO 2314:2009, Gas Turbines- Acceptance Tests, 3rd ed, International Organization for Standardization, 2009, https://www.iso.org/standard/42989.html