بهبود خنک‌کاری مجموعه باتری لیتیوم-یون استوانه‌ای با استفاده از نانوسیال در کانال‌های موجی و پلکانی و غلاف مسی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشکدۀ مهندسی مکانیک، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران

چکیده

به‌منظور بهبود سیستم مدیریت حرارتی برای خنک‌کاری یک مجموعه باتری خودروهای برقی، عملکرد حرارتی مجموعه باتری‌ها در دو حالت شارژ و تخلیۀ شارژ در شرایط کاری مختلف با به‌کارگیری غلاف مسی در اطراف باتری‌ها و صفحۀ مسی و نیز یک کانال پلکانی در بالای مجموعه باتری و استفاده از نانوسیال به‌عنوان سیال خنک‌کاری. با استفاده از شبیه‌سازی عددی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. مدل حرارتی برای مجموعه باتری با تعداد 71 عدد باتری لیتیوم-یون استوانه‌ای مدل 18650 بررسی و رفتار حرارتی مجموعه باتری مطالعه شده است؛ همچنین اثر متغیرهایی نظیر نرخ جریان الکتریکی در دو فرایند شارژ و تخلیۀ شارژ، دبی جریان سیال، اضافه کردن نانو ذرات اکسید مس به سیال پایۀ آب، تغییر سطح تماس میان باتری‌های همسایه و ایجاد کانال موجی برای باتری‌ها مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. نتایج شبیه‌سازی عددی اثر مفید سیستم خنک‌کاری را تأیید می‌کند. نتایج شبیه‌سازی حاکی از آن است که افزایش نرخ جریان الکتریکی باعث افزایش دما و کاهش یکنواختی توزیع دما در مجموعه باتری می‌شود. بدین منظور برخی تغییرات صورت گرفته است تا عملکرد حرارتی باتری بهبود یابد. افزایش درصد حجمی نانوذرات باعث پایین آمدن دمای بیشینه و اختلاف دما در مجموعه باتری شده و منجر به بهبود عملکرد حرارتی سیستم خنک‌کاری می‌شود. همچنین افزایش دبی جریان سیال باعث کاهش بیشینۀ دما و بهبود یکنواختی دما در مجموعه باتری می‌شود. با افزایش دبی ورودی سیال خنک‌کن، به‌ترتیب 7/7 و 5/12 درصد کاهش در بیشینۀ دما و اختلاف دما در فرایند تخلیۀ شارژ در مجموعه باتری مشاهده می‌شود. در نهایت افزایش سطح تماس میان باتری‌ها و کانال موجی از 37 درجه به 57 درجه می‌تواند به میزان 2/5 و 3/52 درصد به‌ترتیب بر کاهش اختلاف دما و دمای بیشینه در مجموعه باتری تأثیر بگذارد، ولی بر یکنواختی دما در مجموعه اثر نامطلوب دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


[1] Liu, X., Chen, Z., Zhang, C., and Wu, J., "A novel temperature-compensated model for power Li-ion batteries with dual-particle-filter state of charge estimation", Applied Energy, Vol. 123, pp. 263-272, 2014.
[2] Omar, N., Monem, M.A., Firouz, Y., Salminen, J., Smekens, J., Hegazy, O., Gaulous, H., Mulder, G., Van den Bossche, P., and Coosemans, T., "Lithium iron phosphate based battery–Assessment of the aging parameters and development of cycle life model", Applied Energy, Vol. 113, pp. 1575-1585, 2014.
[3] Manzetti, S., and Mariasiu, F., "Electric vehicle battery technologies: From present state to future systems", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 51, pp. 1004-1012, 2015.
[4] Zhang, Y., Wang, C.-Y., and Tang, X., "Cycling degradation of an automotive LiFePO4 lithium-ion battery", Journal of power sources, Vol. 196, pp. 1513-1520, 2011.
[5] Shah, K. , Chalise, D., and Jain, A., "Experimental and theoretical analysis of a method to predict thermal runaway in Li-ion cells", Journal of power sources, Vol. 330, pp. 167-174, 2016.
[6] Wilke, S., Schweitzer, B., Khatee, b S., and Al-Hallaj, S., "Preventing thermal runaway propagation in lithium ion battery packs using a phase change composite material": an experimental study, Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 340, pp. 51-59, 2017.
[7] Wang, H., Lara-Curzio, E., Rule, E.T., and Winchester, C.S., "Mechanical abuse simulation and thermal runaway risks of large-format Li-ion batteries", Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 342, pp. 913-920, 2017.
[8] Wang, Q., Ping, P., Zhao, X., Chu, G., Sun, J., and Chen, C., "Thermal runaway caused fire and explosion of lithium ion battery", Journal of power sources, Vol. 208, pp. 210-224, 2012.
[9] Nikowitz, M. "Advanced hybrid and electric vehicles, System Optimization and Vehicle Integration", Springer, 2016.
[10] Pesaran A.A., "Battery thermal models for hybrid vehicle simulations", Journal of power sources, Vol. 110, pp. 377-382, 2002.
[11] Wang, Q., Jiang, B., Li, B., and Yan, Y., "A critical review of thermal management models and solutions of lithium-ion batteries for the development of pure electric vehicles", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 64, pp. 106-128, 2016.
[12] Klein M., Tong S., and Park J., "In-plane nonuniform temperature effects on the performance of a large-format lithium-ion pouch cell", Applied Energy, Vol. 165, pp. 639-647, 2016.
[13] Liu, H., Wei, Z., He, W., and Zhao, J., "Thermal issues about Li-ion batteries and recent progress in battery thermal management systems: A review", Energy conversion and management, Vol. 150, pp. 304-330, 2017.
[14] Lu, L., Han, X., Li, J., Hua, J., and Ouyang M., "A review on the key issues for lithium-ion battery management in electric vehicles", Journal of power sources, Vol. 226, pp. 272-288, 2013.
[15] Wang, T., Tseng, K., and Zhao, J., "Development of efficient air-cooling strategies for lithium-ion battery module based on empirical heat source model", Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 90, pp. 521-529, 2015.
[16] Chen, K., Wu, W., Yuan, F., Chen, L., and Wang, S., "Cooling efficiency improvement of air-cooled battery thermal management system through designing the flow pattern", Energy, Vol. 167, pp. 781-790, 2019.
[17] Zhang, T., Gao, Q., Wang, G., Gu, Y., Wang, Y., Bao, W., and Zhang, D., "Investigation on the promotion of temperature uniformity for the designed battery pack with liquid flow in
cooling process", Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 116, pp. 655-662, 2017.
[18] Tousi, M., Sarchami, A., Kiani, M., Najafi, M., and Houshfar, E., "Numerical study of novel liquid-cooled thermal management system for cylindrical Li-ion battery packs under high discharge rate based on AgO nanofluid and copper sheath", Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 41, pp. 102910, 2021.
[19] Behi, H., Karimi, D., Behi, M., Ghanbarpour, M., Jaguemont, J., Sokkeh, M.A., Gandoman, F.H., Berecibar, M., and Van Mierlo, J., "A new concept of thermal management system in Li-ion battery using air cooling and heat pipe for electric vehicles", Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 174, pp. 115280, 2020.
[20] Li, Y., Guo, H., Qi, F., Guo, Z., Li, M., and Tjernberg, L.B., "Investigation on liquid cold plate thermal management system with heat pipes for LiFePO4 battery pack in electric vehicles", Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 185, pp. 116382, 2021.
[21] Mashayekhi, M., Houshfar, E., and Ashjaee, M., "Development of hybrid cooling method with PCM and Al2O3 nanofluid in aluminium minichannels using heat source model of Li-ion batteries", Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 178, pp. 115543, 2020.
[22] El Idi, M.M., Karkri, M., and Tankari, M.A., "A passive thermal management system of Li-ion batteries using PCM composites: Experimental and numerical investigations", International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 169, pp. 120894, 2021.
[23] Rao Z., and Wang S., "A review of power battery thermal energy management", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 15, No. 9, pp. 4554-4571, 2011.
[24] Bibin C., Vijayaram M., Suriya V., Ganesh R.S., and Soundarraj S., "A review on thermal issues in Li-ion battery and recent advancements in battery thermal management system", Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol.33, pp. 116-128, 2020.
[25] Chen, D., Jiang, J., Kim, G.-H., Yang, C., and Pesaran, A., "Comparison of different cooling methods for lithium ion battery cells", Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 94, pp. 846-854, 2016.
[26] Zhang, T., Gao, C., Gao, Q., Wang, G., Liu, M., Guo, Y., Xiao, C., and Yan, Y., "Status and development of electric vehicle integrated thermal management from BTM to HVAC", Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 88, pp. 398-409, 2015.
[27] Tuckerman, D.B., and Pease, R.F.W., "High-performance heat sinking for VLSI, IEEE Electron device letters", Vol. 2, pp. 126-129, 1981.
[28] Huo, Y., Rao, Z., Liu, X., and Zhao, J.,"Investigation of power battery thermal management by using mini-channel cold plate", Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 89, pp. 387-395, 2015.
[29] Deng, T., Zhang, G., and Ran, Y., "Study on thermal management of rectangular Li-ion battery with serpentine-channel cold plate", International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 125, pp. 143-152, 2018.
[30] Sui, Y., Teo, C., Lee, P.S., Chew, Y., and Shu, C., "Fluid flow and heat transfer in wavy microchannels", International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 53, pp. 2760-2772, 2010.
[31] Ghule, K., and Soni, M., "Numerical heat transfer analysis of wavy micro channels with different cross sections", Energy Procedia, Vol. 109, pp. 471-478, 2017.
[32] Rostami, J., Abbassi, A., and Saffar-Avval, M., "Optimization of conjugate heat transfer in wavy walls microchannels", Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 82, pp. 318-328, 2015.
[33] Zhao, J., Rao, Z., and Li, Y., "Thermal performance of mini-channel liquid cooled cylinder based battery thermal management for cylindrical lithium-ion power battery", Energy conversion and management, Vol. 103, pp. 157-165, 2015.
[34] Basu, S., Hariharan, K.S., Kolake, S.M., Song, T., Sohn, D.K., and Yeo, T., "Coupled electrochemical thermal modelling of a novel Li-ion battery pack thermal management system", Applied Energy, Vol. 181, pp. 1-13, 2016.
[35] Boyd, B., and Hooman, K., "Air-cooled micro-porous heat exchangers for thermal management of fuel cells", International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 363-367, 2012.
[36] Kiani, M., Ansari, M., Arshadi, A.A., Houshfar, E., and Ashjaee, M., "Hybrid thermal management of lithium-ion batteries using nanofluid, metal foam, and phase change material: an integrated numerical–experimental approach", Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 181, pp. 1-13, 2020.
[37] Siddique, A.R.M., Mahmud, S., and Van Heyst, B., "A comprehensive review on a passive (phase change materials) and an active (thermoelectric cooler) battery thermal management system and their limitations", Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 401, pp.224-237, 2018.
[38] Jiang, L., Zhang, H., Li, J., Xia, P., "Thermal performance of a cylindrical battery module impregnated with PCM composite based on thermoelectric cooling", Energy, Vol. 188, pp. 116048, 2019.
[39] Song, M., Hu, Y., Choe, S.-Y., and Garrick, T.R., "Analysis of the Heat Generation Rate of Lithium-Ion Battery Using an Electrochemical Thermal Model", Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, pp. 120503, 2020.
[40] Waldmann, T., Scurtu, R.-G., Richter, K., and Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, M., "18650 vs. 21700 Li-ion cells–A direct comparison of electrochemical, thermal, and geometrical properties", Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 472, pp. 228614, 2020.
[41] Srinivasan, V., Wang, C., "Analysis of electrochemical and thermal behavior of Li-ion cells", Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 150, A98, 2002.
[42] Chen, S., Wan, C., and Wang, Y., "Thermal analysis of lithium-ion batteries", Journal of power sources, Vol. 140, pp. 111-124, 2005.
[43] Saw, L., Ye, Y., and Tay, A., "Electrochemical–thermal analysis of 18650 Lithium Iron Phosphate cell", Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 75, pp. 162-174, 2013.
[44] Fan, L., Khodadadi, J., and Pesaran, A., "A parametric study on thermal management of an air-cooled lithium-ion battery module for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles", Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 238, pp. 301-312, 2013.
[45] Zhao, C., Cao, W., Dong, T., and Jiang, F., "Thermal behavior study of discharging/charging cylindrical lithium-ion battery module cooled by channeled liquid flow", International journal of heat and mass transfer, Vol. 120, pp. 751-762, 2018.
[46] Fang, W., Kwon, O.J., Wang, C.Y., "Electrochemical–thermal modeling of automotive Li-ion batteries and experimental validation using a three electrode cell", International journal of energy research, Vol. 34, pp. 107-115, 2010.
[47] Jeon, D.H., and Baek, S.M., "Thermal modeling of cylindrical lithium ion battery during discharge cycle", Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 52, pp. 2973-2981, 2011.
[48] Chen, M., Sun, Q., Li, Y., Wu, K., Liu, B., Peng, P., and Wang, Q., "A thermal runaway simulation on a lithium titanate battery and the battery module", Energies, Vol. 8, pp. 490-500, 2015.
[49] Malley, R., Liu, L., and Depcik, C., "Comparative study of various cathodes for lithium ion batteries using an enhanced Peukert capacity model", Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 396, pp. 621-631, 2018.
[50] Kirsch, K.L., and Thole, K.A., "Pressure loss and heat transfer performance for additively and conventionally manufactured pin fin arrays", International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 108, pp. 2502-2513, 2017.
[51] Moraveji, M.K., and Ardehali, R.M., "CFD modeling (comparing single and two-phase approaches) on thermal performance of Al2O3/water nanofluid in mini-channel heat sink", International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 44, pp. 157-164, 2013.
[52] Gathers, G., "Thermophysical properties of liquid copper and aluminum", International journal of Thermophysics, Vol. 4, pp. 209-226, 1983.
[53] Shah, J., Ranjan, M., Sooraj, K., Sonvane, Y., and Gupta, S.K., "Surfactant prevented growth and enhanced thermophysical properties of CuO nanofluid", Journal of Molecular Liquids, Vol. 283, pp. 550-557, 2019.
[54] Cao, W., Zhao, C., Wang, Y., Dong, T., and Jiang, F., "Thermal modeling of full-size-scale cylindrical battery pack cooled by channeled liquid flow", International journal of heat and mass transfer, Vol. 138, pp. 1178-1187, 2019.
[55] Lee, K.-J., Smith, K., Pesaran, A., and Kim, G.-H., "Three dimensional thermal-, electrical-, and electrochemical-coupled model for cylindrical wound large format lithium-ion batteries", Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 241, pp. 20-32, 2013.
[56] Bernardi, D., Pawlikowski, E., and Newman, J., "A general energy balance for battery systems", Journal of the electrochemical society, Vol. 132, pp. 5-12, 1985.
[57] Akbari, O.A., Safaei, M.R., Goodarzi, M., Akbar, N.S., Zarringhalam, M., Shabani, G.A.S., and Dahari, M., "A modified two-phase mixture model of nanofluid flow and heat transfer in a 3-D curved microtube", Advanced Powder Technology, Vol. 27, pp. 2175-2185, 2016.
[58] Neubauer, J., "Battery lifetime analysis and simulation tool (BLAST) documentation", National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States), 2014.