An Effective Approach to Reduce Environmental Pollutants by Replacing Fossil Fuels with Biofuels through Imposing Social Costs and Emission Limits on a Hybrid System in Iran ( A Case Study)

Authors

Abstract

An increase in global temperature, the vital need to reduce environmental emissions resulted from greenhouse gases, and the nonrenewablity of those energy resources have led to a change in attitudes and a turn to deploy advanced technologies and renewable energy resources as an alternative in electric power generation equipment. However, renewable energy resources are not reliable. In fact, the non-reliable nature of these resources has caused the deployment of diesel generators as a backup resource to cover loads in emergency situations. Among these non-reliable resources, biofuels as a substitute for fossil fuels in diesel generators not only stop the emissions of pure CO2 and other toxic pollutants in the air but also save money in the future. In this study, it has been tried to preserve technical specifications and the reliability of system by adding a hydroelectric power plant in addition to wind and solar systems. Furthermore, the use of biodiesel (biofuel) as an alternative in diesel generators can help identify an optimized autonomous hybrid system in terms of minimum costs while considering social costs and emission limits by Homer software of. Vanaei village in Lorestan province, Iran, is presented as acase study.

Keywords


[1] Maleki, A., Hajinezhad, A., & Rosen, M. A., "Modeling and optimal design of an off-grid hybrid system for electricity generation using various biodiesel fuels: a case study for Davarzan, Iran". Biofuels, Vol. 7, No.6, PP. 699–712, 2016. [2] Kasaeian, A., Razmjoo, A., Shirmohammadi, R., Pourfayaz, F., Sumper, A., "Deployment of a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system in coastal areas as a reliable energy source". Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2019. [3] Bodansky, D., "The history of the global climate change regime", International relations and global climate change, PP. 23-40, 2001. [4] Kholdebarin, A., Farahmand, P., "A Review of NAMAs and CDM Kyoto Protocol projects by SWOT management model", International Conference on New Research in Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 3, Singapore, 2016. [5] Sarker, Sh., "Feasibility analysis of a renewable hybrid energy system with producer gas generator fulfilling remote household electricity demand in Southern Norway", Renewable Energy, Vol. 87, PP. 772–781, 2016. [6] Ma, T., Yang, H., & Lu, L., "A feasibility study of a stand-alone hybrid solar–wind–battery system for a remote island", Applied Energy, Vol. 121, PP. 149-158, 2014. [7] Baysal, Z., Uyar, F., Saydut, A., Kaya, C., Kafadar, A. B., & Hamamci, C., " Pistacia terebintus L. Seed Oil: A New Possible Source of Biodiesel", Energy Sources, Part A, Vol. 36, No. 16, PP. 1827-1834, 2014. [8] Bekken, S. G., Schöffel, K., Aakenes, S., Hatlen, T., Slagtern, A., & Øi, L. E., "The CLIMIT program and its strategy for Norwegian research, development and demonstration of CCS technology", Energy Procedia, Vol. 37, PP. 6508-6519, 2013. [9] Hagos, D. A., Gebremedhin, A., & Zethraeus, B., "Towards a flexible energy system– A case study for Inland Norway", Applied Energy, Vol. 130, PP. 41-50, 2014. [10] Eguchi, Sh., Kagawa, Sh., & Okamoto, Sh., "Environmental and economic performance of a biodiesel plant using waste cooking oil", Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 101, PP. 245–250, 2015. [11] Ismail, M. S., Moghavvemi, M., & Mahlia, T. M. I., "Techno-economic analysis of an optimized photovoltaic and diesel generator hybrid power systems for remote houses in a tropical climate", Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 69, PP. 163-173, 2013. [12] Matsuura, M., Illustration on biodiesel, Kogyo Chosakai Publishing Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 2006. [13] Borugadda, V. B., & Goud, V. V., "Biodiesel production from renewable feedstocks: status and opportunities", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 16, PP. 4763-4784, 2012. [14] Rinaldi, F., Moghaddampoor, F., Najafi, B., Marchesi, R., "Economic feasibility analysis and optimization of hybrid renewable energy systems for rural electrification in Peru", Energy Conversion and Management, 2020. [15] Kumari, J., Subathra, P., Moses, J. E., & Shruthi, D., "Economic analysis of hybrid energy system for rural electrification using HOMER", International Conference on Innovations in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Media Technology (ICEEIMT), PP. 151-156, 2017. [16] Mohammadi, M., Hosseinian, S. H., & Gharehpetian, G. B., "Optimization of hybrid solar energy sources/wind turbine systems integrated to utility grids as microgrid (MG) under pool/bilateral/hybrid electricity market using PSO", Solar Energy, Vol. 86, PP. 112–125, 2012. [17] Belfkira, R., Zhang, L., & Barakat, G., "Optimal sizing study of hybrid wind/PV/diesel power generation unit", Solar Energy, Vol. 85, PP. 100-110, 2011. [18] Kaabeche, A., & Ibtiouen, R., "Techno-economic optimization of hybrid photovoltaic/wind/diesel/battery generation in a stand-alone power system", Solar Energy, Vol. 103, PP. 171-182, 2014. [19] Avami, A., "A model for biodiesel supply chain: A case study in Iran", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 16, PP. 4196-4203, 2012. [20] Mokhtara, Ch., Negrou, B., Bouferrouk, A., Yao, Y., Settou, N., Ramadan, M., "Integrated supply-demand energy management for the optimal design of off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems for residential electrification in arid climates", Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 221, 2020. [21] Katsigiannis, Y., A., Georgilakis, P., S., & Karapidakis, E., S., "Genetic Algorithm Solution to Optimal Sizing Problem of Small Autonomous Hybrid Power Systems", PP. 327-332, 2010. [22] RohitSen, A., Subhes C., Bhattacharyya, B., "Off-grid electricity generation with renewable energy technologies in India: An application of HOMER", Renewable Energy, Vol. 62, PP. 388-398, 2014. [23] Azadeh, A., & Vafa Arani, H., "Biodiesel supply chain optimization via a hybrid system dynamics mathematical programming approach", Renewable Energy, Vol. 93, PP. 383-403, 2016. [24] McHenry, M., P., "Small-scale (≤6kWe) stand-alone and grid-connected photovoltaic, wind, hydroelectric, biodiesel, and wood gasification system’s simulated technical, economic, and mitigation analyses for rural regions in Western Australia", Renewable Energy, Vol. 38, PP. 195-205, 2012. [25] Oberweiss, S. and Al-Shemmeri, T.T., "Effect of biodiesel blending on emissions and efficiency in a stationery diesel engine", Proceedings of International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality, Vol. 1, No. 8, PP. 304-310, 2010. [26] Beluco, A., Ponticelli, F., "Inclusion of biodiesel and PV modules in a wind-diesel hybrid system supplying electrical loads on a small farm", International Renewable Energy Technology, Vol. 5, No. 3, PP. 229-247, 2014. [27] Konstantelos, I., Sun, M., Strbac, G., "Quantifying demand diversity of households", Report for the low carbon London (LCNF) project, 2014. [28] Ghadimi, A. A., Razavi, F., Mohammadian, B., "Determining optimum location and capacity for micro-hydropower plants in Lorestan province in Iran", Vol. 15, PP. 4125-4133, 2011. [29] Torabi, Gh., Khoshnavaz, M., Safari, A., & Ghadimi, A.A., "Determining optimum location and capacity for micro-hydropower plants in Lorestan province in Iran", International Power System Conference, Vol. 24, 2009. [30] Haghparast, A., Adl, M., "Technical-economic evaluation of micro-scale hydropower projects with a case study in the catchment area of Kordan River", International Power System Conference, Vol. 19, 2004. [31] Singh, G., Baredara, P., Singh, A., "Optimal sizing and location of PV, wind and battery storage for electrification to an island: A case study of Kavaratti, Lakshadweep", Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 12, PP. 78-86, 2017. [32] Mudasser, M., Yiridoe, E. K., & Corscadden, K., "Cost-benefit analysis of grid-connected wind-biogas hybrid energy production, by turbine capacity and site", Renewable Energy, Vol. 80, PP. 573-582, 2015. [33] Asrari, A., Ghasemi, A., Javidi, M.H., "Economic evaluation of hybrid renewable energy systems for rural electrification in Iran- A case study", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 16, PP. 3123-3130, 2012. [34] Rahman, Md., M., Khan, MD., M., & Ahsan Ullah, M., "A hybrid renewable energy system for a North American off-grid", Energy, Vol. 97, PP. 151-160, 2016. [35] Atakan Akbar, M., "Performance and emission characteristics of compression ignition engine operating with false flax biodiesel and butanol blends", Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 2, PP. 1-7, 2016. [36] Najafian, A., Sari, Gh., Dalvand, P., & Gorji, R., "A Review of Biodiesel Production Potential from Plant Seeds in Iran and the World", 1404 National Conference on Vision and Technological Advances in Engineering Sciences, 2015. [37] Sh. Kant Bhatia, R. Kant Bhatia, J. Jeon, "An overview on advancements in biobased transesterification methods for biodiesel production: Oil resources, extraction, biocatalysts, and process intensification technologies", Fuel, Vol. 285, 2021. [38] Zahedi, A., Mirabdoli, M., Shayan Nezhad, A., "Commercial optimization of biodiesel production from rapeseed oil as a clean fuel for thermal power plants", Modares Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 16, No. 9, PP. 135-142, 2016. [39] Gharehpetian, G.B., Karimi, H., Ahmadi, A., "Optimal design and evaluation of hybrid energy systems using Homer software", Vol. 1, First Edition, Tehran, Nahr Danesh Publications, 2017. [40] Energy Balance Sheet of 2012, Tehran, Ministry of Energy, Deputy Minister for Electricity and Energy, 2013.