An Intelligent Protection Method for Multi-terminal DC Microgrids Using On-line Phaselet, Mathematical Morphology, and Fuzzy Inference Systems

Authors

Abstract

In this paper, a new method for fault detection, location, and classification in multi-terminal DC microgrid (MTDC) is proposed. MTDC grids have expanded due to some issues such as the expansion of DC resources, loads, and aims to increase power quality. Diagnosing the types and location of faults is important to continue the service and prevent further outages. In this method, a circuit kit is connected to the grid. In fault time, the fault in the network is detected by passing the current through the connected kits and measuring the traveling waves derived from the fault current as well as applying it to a mathematical morphological filter. Determining the location of the fault is done using circuit equations and current calculations. Phaselet output and fuzzy inference systems are used to determine the type of faults. The presented method was tested in an MTDC microgrid connected to renewable and energy storages with many faults. The results show the ability of the proposed method. The error of the proposed fault location method is less than 7%. This method is resistant towards the change in sampling frequency (between 500 Hz and 50 kHz), fault resistance (up to 125 ohms), and loading (up to 120% of the nominal load); it acts very well in high impedance faults.

Keywords


[1] Emhemed, A. A. S. and Burt, G. M., "An advanced protection scheme for enabling an LVDC last mile distribution network", IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 2602–2609, 2014. [2] Baran, M. E. and Mahajan, N. R., "Overcurrent protection on voltage source- converter-based multiterminal dc distribution systems", IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 406–412, Jan 2007. [3] Chaudhuri, N., Chaudhuri, B., Majumder, R. and Yazdani, A., "Multiterminal direct-current grids: Modeling, analysis, and control", John Wiley & Sons, ch. 6, 2014. [4] Fletcher, S. D. A., Norman, P. J., Galloway, S. J., Crolla, P. and Burt, G. M., "Optimizing the roles of unit and non-unit protection methods within dc microgrids", IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 2079–2087, Dec 2012. [5] Saleh, K. A., Hooshyar, A. and El-Saadany, E. F., "Hybrid passive overcurrent relay for detection of faults in low-voltage dc grids", IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 1129–1138, May 2017. [6] Emhemed, A. A. S., Fong, K., Fletcher, S. and Burt, G., "Validation of fast and selective protection scheme for an LVDC distribution network", IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 1432–1440, June 2017. [7] Hasheminejad, S., Seifossadat, S.G., Razaz, M., et al., "Traveling-wave-based protection of parallel transmission lines using Teager energy operator and fuzzy systems", IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 1067–1074, 2016. [8] Abdollahi, A. and Seyedtabaii, S., "Transmission line fault location estimation by Fourier & wavelet transforms using ANN", Fourth Int. Power Engineering and Optimization Conf. (PEOCO), January, pp. 573–578, 2010. [9] Ananthan, S.N., Padmanabhan, R., Meyur, R. and et al., "Real-time fault analysis of transmission lines using wavelet multi-resolution analysis based frequency domain approach", IET Sci. Meas. Technol., Vol. 10, No. 7, pp. 693–703, 2016. [10] Yadav, A. and Swetapadma, A., "Enhancing the performance of transmission line directional relaying, fault classification and fault location schemes using fuzzy inference system", IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 580–591, 2015. [11] Johnson, J.M. and Yadav, A., "A complete protection scheme for fault detection, classification and location estimation in HVDC transmission lines using support vector machine", IET Sci. Meas. Technol., Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 279–287, 2017. [12] Rafinia, A. and Moshtagh, J., "A new approach to fault location in three-phase underground distribution system using combination of wavelet analysis with ANN and FLS", Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., Vol. 55, pp. 261–274, 2014. [13] Youssef, O.A.S. "Combined fuzzy-logic wavelet-based fault classification technique for power system relaying", IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 582–589, 2004. [14] Feng, X., Qi, L. and Pan, J., "A novel location method and algorithm for dc distribution protection", IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. PP, No. 99, pp. 1–1, 2017. [15] Rathore, B. and Shaik, A.G., "Wavelet-alienation based transmission line protection scheme", IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 995–1003, 2017. [16] Dhar, S., Patnaik, R. K. and Dash, P. K., "Fault detection and location of photovoltaic based dc microgrid using differential protection strategy", IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. PP, No. 99, pp. 1–1, 2017. [17] Fletcher, S., Norman, P. J., Fong, K., Galloway, S. J. and Burt, G., "High-speed differential protection for smart dc distribution systems", IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 2610–2617, Sept 2014. [18] Xu, M.M., Xiao, L.Y. and Wang, H.F., "A prony-based method of locating short circuit fault in DC distribution system", 2nd IET Renewable Power Generation Conf., Beijing, China, September, pp. 1–4, 2013. [19] Mohanty, R., Balaji, U.S.M. and Pradhan, A.K., "An accurate noniterative fault location technique for low-voltage DC microgrid", IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 475–481, 2016. [20] Park, J.D., Candelaria, J., Ma, L. and et al., "DC ring-bus microgrid fault protection and identification of fault location", IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 2574-2584, Oct. 2013. [21] Park, J. "Ground fault detection and location for ungrounded DC traction power systems", IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., 2015, Vol. 64, No. 12, pp. 5667–5676, 2013. [22] Christopher, E., Sumner, M., Thomas, D. and et al. "Fault location in a zonal DC marine power system using active impedance estimation", IEEE Trans. Appl. Ind., Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 860–865, 2013. [23] Jia, K., Bi, T., Liu, B. and et al., "Marine power distribution system fault location using a portable injection unit", IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 818–826, 2015. [24] Zadsar, M., Haghifam, M.R. and Larimi, S.M.M., "Approach for self-healing resilient operation of active distribution network with microgrid", 2017, Vol. 11, No. 18, pp. 4633–4643, 2017. [25] Pradhan, A. K. and Mohanty, R., "Cable fault location in a dc microgrid using current injection technique", in 2016 National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), pp. 1–6, Dec 2016. [26] Mallat S. "A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing", Academic Press, California, 1999. [27] Hooshyar, A., and Iravani, R., "Microgrid protection", Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 105, No. 7, pp. 1332–1353, July 2017. [28] Monadi, M., Gavriluta, C., Luna, A., Candela, I. and Rodriguez, P., "Centralized protection strategy for medium voltage dc microgrids", IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 430–440, Feb 2017. [29] Shahrtash, S.M. and Haghjoo, F., "Instantaneous wavelet transform decomposition filter for on-line applications", Iranian Journal of Sci. and Technol., Vol. 33, no. B6, pp. 491–510, 2009. [30] Xu, Q. and et al., "Analysis and Control of Modular Multi-Terminal DC Power Flow Controller with Fault Current Limiting Function", in Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 1378–1385, 2021. [31] Sati, T. and M. Azzouz, A., "Optimal Protection Coordination for Inverter Dominated Islanded Microgrids Considering N-1 Contingency", in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, , Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 2256–2267, 2022. [32] Ordonez, M., Sonnaillon, M. O., Quaicoe, J. E. and Iqbal, M. T., "An embedded frequency response analyzer for fuel cell monitoring and characterization", IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 1925– 1934, Jun. 2010. [33] Paz, F. and Ordonez, M., "High-performance solar mppt using switching ripple identification based on a lock-in amplifier", IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 3595–3604, 2016. [34] Anun, M., Ordonez, M., Zurbriggen, I. G. and Oggier, G. G., "Circular switching surface technique: High-performance constant power load stabilization for electric vehicle systems", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 30, No. 8, pp. 4560–4572, Aug. 2015. [35] Gautam, S. and Brahma, S. M., "Detection of high impedance fault in power distribution systems using mathematical morphology", IEEE Trans. Power Syst., Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 1226–1234, 2013. [36] Zhang, L.L., Li, M.S., Ji, T.Y. and et al., "Morphology singular entropy-based phase selector using short data window for transmission lines", IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 2162–2171, 2011. [37] Namdari, F. and Salehi, M., "A high-speed protection scheme based on initial current traveling wave for transmission lines employing mathematical morphology", IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 246–253, 2017. [38] Aki, H. "Demand-side resiliency and electricity continuity, experiences and lessons learned in Japan", Vol. 105, No. 7, pp. 1443–1455, 2017. [39] Duan, J., Zhang, K. and Cheng, L., "A novel method of fault location for single phase microgrids", IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 915–925, 2016. [40] Paz, F. and Ordonez, M., "An embedded impedance measurement for DC microgrids based on a lock-in amplifier", in Proc. IEEE 7th Int. Symp. Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), pp. 1–6, Jun. 2016. [41] Livera, A. and et al., "Recent advances in failure diagnosis techniques based on performance data analysis for grid-connected photovoltaic systems", Renewable energy, Vol. 113, pp. 126-143, 2018. [42] Mellit, A., Tina, G.M. and Kalogirou, S. A., "Fault detection and diagnosis methods for photovoltaic systems, A review", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 91, pp. 1-17, 2018. [43] Livera, A. and et al. "On-line failure diagnosis of grid-connected photovoltaic systems based on fuzzy logic", IEEE 12th Int. Conf. on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG), pp. 1-6, 2018. [44] Kasar, K. and P. Tapre. "A new fast detection module for short-circuit current detection in PV grid system", 2nd Int. Conf. on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC). pp. 468-472, 2018. [45] Dodangeh M. and Ghaffarzadeh N., "A New Fast and Accurate Fault Location and Classification Method on MTDC Microgrids Using Current Injection Technique, Traveling-Waves, Online Wavelet, and Mathematical Morphology", IJEEE. Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 248-258, 2020. [46] Dodangeh M. and Ghaffarzadeh N., "Fault detection, location, and classification method on compressed air energy storages based inter-connected micro-grid clusters using traveling-waves, current injection method, on-line wavelet, and mathematical morphology", International transaction of electrical energy systems , Vol. 31, No. 12, pp. 1–19, 2021. [47] Liang, Y. and et al., "Fault Analysis and Traveling Wave Protection Based on Phase Characteristics for Hybrid Multi terminal HVDC Systems", in IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, , Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 575–588,. [48] Li, Z. L., Hu, J. and Chan, K. W., "A New Current Limiting and Overload Protection Scheme for Distributed Inverters in Microgrids under Grid Faults", in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2021.3104269. [49] Veerasamy, V. and et al., "Recurrent network based power flow solution for voltage stability assessment and improvement with distributed energy sources", Applied Energy, Vol. 302, 2021. [50] Saber, A., Zeineldin, H.H., EL-Fouly, Tarek H.M. and Al-Durra, Ahmed, "A new fault location scheme for parallel transmission lines using one-terminal data", International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol. 135, 2022. [51] Ghaffarzadeh, N. and Dodangeh, M., "Solar microgrids fast and accurate fault detection, location and classification strategy using on-line phaselet, current injection kits', traveling-waves, and mathematical morphology", Journal of Solar Energy Research, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp.785-798, 2021.