WEMS-1: Watergy Integrated Modeling for Optimaltechnology Assessment in Steel Industry- Case Study: Esfahan Mobarakeh Steel Company (MSC)

Authors

Abstract

: The steel industry is energy intensive and water intensive at the same time. The largest Iran’s steel-making plants are mainly placed in the hot climates and arid regions; thus, the study of the integrated water-and-energy systems for this industry is very important. In this paper, the developed watergy concept is presented, and, then, WERS (WatErgy Reference System) for steel industrys is drawn. The research investigates the water-energy nexus in different units of a steel-making plant as the conceptual model for the analysis of the water-energy nexus. Furthermore, the mathematical WatErgy system Model of the Steel industry (WEMS-1) is developed based on the Energy System Model (ESM). The optimal configuration of the system’s technologies is assessed based on the Pareto optimal function and with the objective function of the minimum total cost. For model validation, the results of the model, was presented for BAU scenario in Esfahan Mobarakeh Steel Company (MSC) and compared with the data of Iran steel comprehensive plan. Then, WEMS-1 is run to analyze the optimal technology assessment of the MSC case study concerning water scarcity and the rise of electricity price. As a result, it is shown that the water consumption index decreases from 6.78 m3/ton steel in BAU to unconventional water consumption of 5.5 m3/ton steel in the optimal scenario; this improvement is achieved by technology revolution and a small increase in electricity demand.

Keywords


[1] Skaggs, R., Hibbard, K. A., Frumhoff, P., Lowry, T., Middleton, R., Pate, R., Tidwell,R., Arnold, V., Averyt, J., Janetos, k., "Climate and Energy-Water-Land System Interactions Technical Report to the US Department of Energy in Support of the National Climate Assessment", Pacific Northwest National Lab., Richland, WA (United States), No. PNNL-21185, 2012. [2] Dubreuil, A., Assoumou, E., Bouckaert, S., Selosse, S., and Mai, N., "Water Modeling in an Energy Optimization Framework–The Water-Scarce Middle east Context", Applied energy, Vol. 101: pp. 268-279, 2013. [3] Gleick, P.H., "Water in Crisis: Paths to Sustainable Water Use", Ecological Applications,Vol. 8, No 3, pp. 571-579, 1998. [4] Grey, D. and Sadoff, C.W., "Sink or Swim? Water Security for Growth and Development", Water Policy, Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 545-571, 2007. [5] -, "Steel Statistical Yearbook 2017", 2017. ]6[ - ، «ترازنامۀ هیدروکربوری کشور»، مؤسسۀ مطالعات بین‌المللی انرژی، گروه ترازنامه هیدروکربوری موسسه مطالعات بین‌المللی انرژی، 1395. [7] Price, L., Sinton, J., Worrell, E., Phylipsen, D., Xiulian, H., & Ji, L., "Energy Use and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Steel Production in China", Energy, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 429-446, 2002. ]8[ - ، «مطالعات طرح جامع فولاد کشور»، شرکت مهندسی بین‌المللی فولادتکنیک، سازمان توسعه و نوسازی معادن و صنایع معدنی ایران (IMIDRO)، 1395 [9] Faramarzi, M., Yang, H., Mousavi, J., Schulin, R., Binder, C., & Abbaspour, K. C., "Analysis of Intra-Country Virtual Water Trade Strategy to Alleviate Water Scarcity in Iran", Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 8, pp. 1417, 2010. [10] Vörösmarty, C.J., McIntyre, P.B., Gessner, M.O., Dudgeon, D., Prusevich, A., Green, P., Glidden, S., Bunn, S.E., Sullivan, C.A., Liermann, C.R. and Davies, P.M., "Global Threats to Human Water Security and River Biodiversity", Nature, Vol 467, No. 7315, pp. 555-561, 2010. [11] -------, "Water Security Framework", WaterAid, 2012. [12] Bizikova, L., Roy, D., Swanson, D., Venema, H. D., & McCandless, M., "The Water-Energy-Food Security Nexus: Towards a Practical Planning and Decision-Support Framework for Landscape Investment and Risk Management", International Institute for Sustainable Development Winnipeg, Manitoba, 2013. [13] Khatib, H., IEA, "World Energy Outlook 2016—A Comment", Energy policy, 2016. [14] Faramarzi, M., Abbaspour, K. C., Schulin, R., & Yang, H. "Modelling Blue and Green Water Resources Availability in Iran", Hydrological Processes, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 486-501, 2009. [15] Shayannejad, M., Eslamian, S., Singh, V., & Ostad-Ali-Askari, K., "Evaluation of Groundwater Quality for Industrial Using GIS in Mountainous Region of Isfahan Province, Koh-Payeh, Isfahan, Iran", International Journal of Constructive Research in Civil Engineering (IJCRCE), Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 24-37, 2017. [16] Solow, R.M., "Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function", The Review of Economics and Statistics, pp. 312-320, 1957. [17] -------, "Identification of Water and Energy Conservation in the Iron & Steel Industry in China", Danish Ministry of the Environment, Environmental Protection Agency, 2014. [18] Kong, H., Qi, E., Li, H., Li, G., & Zhang, X., "An MILP Model for Optimization of By Product Gases in the Integrated Iron and Steel Plant", Applied Energy, Vol. 87, No. 7, pp. 2156-2163, 2010. [19] -------, "Strategic Plan of Iran's Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade", Deputy of Designing and Planning, 2015. [20] Water, E., "Energy: Leveraging Voluntary Programs to Save Both Water and Energy", Environmental Protection Agency, 2008. [21] Chen, W., X. Yin, and D. Ma, "A Bottom-up Analysis of China’s Iron and Steel Industrial Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions", Applied Energy, Vol. 136, pp. 1174-1183, 2014. [22] Wang, C., Wang, R., Hertwich, E., & Liu, Y., "A Technology-Based Analysis of the Water-Energy-Emission Nexus of China’s steel Industry", Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 124, pp. 116-128, 2017. [23] Lofman, D., M. Petersen, and A. Bower, "Water, Energy and Environment Nexus: The California Experience", International Journal of Water Resources Development, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 73-85, 2002. [24] Hussey, K. and J. Pittock, "The Energy–Water Nexus: Managing the Links Between Energy and Water for a Sustainable Future", Ecology and Society, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2012. [25] Stillwell, A., King, C., Webber, M., Duncan, I., & Hardberger, A., "The Energy–Water Nexus in Texas, Part of a Special Feature on The Energy–Water Nexus. Managing the Links Between Energy and Water for a Sustainable Future", Ecology and Society, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2011. [26] Dai, Jiangyu, Shiqiang Wu, Guoyi Han, Josh Weinberg, Xinghua Xie, Xiufeng Wu, Xingqiang Song, Benyou Jia, Wanyun Xue, and Qianqian Yang., "Water-Energy Nexus: A Review of Methods and Tools for Macro-Assessment", Applied Energy, Vol. 210, pp. 393-408, 2018. [27] Cutter, E., Haley, B., Williams, J., & Woo, C., "Cost-Effective Water-Energy Nexus: a California Case Study", The Electricity Journal, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 61-68, 2014. [28] Wang, J., Li, S., Xiong, G., & Cang, D., "Application of Digital Technologies About Water Network in Steel Industry", Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 55, No. 8, pp. 755-759, 2011. [29] Wang, J., Rothausen, S. G., Conway, D., Zhang, L., Xiong, W., Holman, I. P., & Li, Y. "China’s Water–Energy Nexus: Greenhouse-Gas Emissions from Groundwater Use for Agriculture", Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 014035, 2012. [30] Wakeel, M., Chen, B., Hayat, T., Alsaedi, A., & Ahmad, B., "Energy Consumption for Water Use Cycles in Different Countries: a Review", Applied Energy, Vol. 178, pp. 868-885, 2016. [31] Walker, R. V., Beck, M. B., Hall, J. W., Dawson, R. J., & Heidrich, O., "The Energy-Water-Food Nexus: Strategic Analysis of Technologies for Transforming the Urban Metabolism", Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 141, pp. 104-115, 2014. [32] Annex, V., "Seeking Sustainable Climate Land Energy and Water (CLEW) Strategies". Nuclear Technology Review, 2009. [33] Bazilian, M., Rogner, H., Howells, M., Hermann, S., Arent, D., Gielen, D., Steduto, P., Mueller, A., Komor, P., Tol, R.S. and Yumkella, K.K., "Considering the Energy, Water and Food Nexus: Towards an Integrated Modelling Approach", Energy Policy, Vol. 39, No. 12, pp. 7896-7906, 2011. [34] Fricko, O., Parkinson, S. C., Johnson, N., Strubegger, M., van Vliet, M. T., & Riahi, K., "Energy Sector Water Use Implications of a 2 C Climate Policy", Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 11, No. 3, p. 034011, 2016. [35] Bouckaert, S., Selosse, S., Dubreuil, A., Assoumou, E., & Maïzi, N., "Analyzing Water Supply in Future Energy Systems Using The TIMES Integrated Assessment Model (TIAM-FR)", in 3rd International Symposium on Energy Engineering, Economics and Policy: EEEP 2011. [36] Sokolov, A.P., Schlosser, C.A., Dutkiewicz, S., Paltsev, S., Kicklighter, D.W., Jacoby, H.D., Prinn, R.G., Forest, C.E., Reilly, J.M., Wang, C. and Felzer, B.S., "MIT Integrated Global System Model (IGSM) Version 2: Model Description and Baseline Evaluation", MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, 2005. [37] Strzepek, K., Schlosser, C.A., Gueneau, A., Gao, X., Blanc, É., Fant, C., Rasheed, B. and Jacoby, H.D., "Modeling Water Resource Systems Under Climate Change: IGSM-WRS", MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, 2012. [38] van Straten, G., Stigter, J., Janssen, H., Gieling, T. H., Speetjens, S., & van der Walle, T., "Watergy, Towards a Closed Greenhouse in Semi-Arid Regions-Experiment with a Heat Exchanger", in International Conference on Sustainable Greenhouse Systems-Greensys 2004 691, pp. 845-852, 2004. [39] Jochum, P., Zaragoza, G., Pérez-Parra, J., Buchholz, M., & Buchholz, R., "Temperature and Humidity Control in the Watergy Greenhouse", in International Symposium on Greenhouse Cooling 719, pp. 401-408, 2006. [40] Zaragoza, G., Buchholz, M., Jochum, P., & Pérez-Parra, J., "Watergy Project: Towards a Rational Use of Water in Greenhouse Agriculture and Sustainable Architecture", Desalination, Vol. 211, No. 1-3, pp. 296-303, 2007. [41] Speetjens, S.L., "Towards Model Based Adaptive Control for the Watergy Greenhouse: Design and Implementation", 2008. [42] deMonsabert, S. and B.L. Liner, "Integrated Energy and Water Conservation Modeling. Journal of Energy Engineering", Vol. 124, No. 1, pp. 1-19, 1998. [43] do Save Energy, A., "WATERGY: Energy and Water Efficiency in Municipal Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment: Cost-effective Savings of Water and Energy", Washington: Alliance, 2007. [44] James, K., S.L. Campbell, and C.E. Godlobe, "Watergy: Taking Advantage of Untapped Energy and Water Efficiency Opportunities in Municipal Water Systems, in Watergy: Taking Advantage of Untapped Energy and Water Efficiency Opportunities in Municipal Water Systems", Alliance to Save Energy, 2002. [45] Janssen, H., Gieling, T. H., Speetjens, S., Stigter, J., & van Straten, G., "Watergy: Infrastructure for Process Control in a Closed Greenhouse in Semi-Arid Regions", in International Conference on Sustainable Greenhouse Systems-Greensys 2004 691, 2004. [46] Barry, J.A., "Watergy: Energy and Water Efficiency in Municipal Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment. Cost-Effective Savings of Water and Energy", Alliance to Save Energy, Washington, DC, 2007. [47] Johnson, T., P.P. da Silva Filho, and A.S. Meyer, "Energy Efficiency in the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Brazil", World Bank/ESMAP Report. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008. [48] Fathi, A., Saboohi, Y., Škrjanc, I., & Logar, V., "Comprehensive Electric Arc Furnace Model for Simulation Purposes and Model‐Based Control", Steel Research International, Vol. 88, No. 3, 2017. [49] -------, "Water and Energy Nexus: A Literature Review", A Joint Program of Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment and Bill Lane Center for the American West, August, Water in the West, Stanford University, 2013. [50] Gerbens-Leenes, P., A. Hoekstra, and R. Bosman, "The Blue and Grey Water Footprint of Construction Materials: Steel, Cement and Glass", Water Resources and Industry, Vol. 19, pp. 1-12, 2018. [51] Antón, A., F. Castells, and J. Montero, "Land Use Indicators in Life Cycle Assessment", Case Study: The Environmental Impact of Mediterranean Greenhouses. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 432-438, 2007. [52] Racoviceanu, A. I., Karney, B. W., Kennedy, C. A., & Colombo, A. F., "Life-Cycle Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory for Water Treatment Systems", Journal of Infrastructure Systems, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 261-270, 2007. [53] Tom, M.S., P.S. Fischbeck, and C.T. Hendrickson, "Energy Use, Blue Water Footprint, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Current Food Consumption Patterns and Dietary Recommendations in the US", Environment Systems and Decisions, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 92-103, 2016. [54] Tong, Y., et al., "Water Consumption and Wastewater Discharge in China’s Steel Industry", Ironmaking & Steelmaking, Vol. 45, No. 10, pp. 868-877, 2018. [55] Loulou, R. and M. Labriet, "ETSAP-TIAM: the TIMES Integrated Assessment Model Part I: Model structure", Computational Management Science, Vol. 5, No. 1-2, pp. 7-40, 2008. [56] Gabriel, S.A., A.S. Kydes, and P. Whitman, "The National Energy Modeling System: a Large-Scale Energy-Economic Equilibrium Model", Operations Research, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 14-25, 2001. [57] S Mirkhani, Y.S., "Stochastic Modeling of the Energy Supply System with Uncertain Fuel Price–A Case of Emerging Technologies for Distributed Power Generation", Applied energy, Vol. 93, pp. 668-674, 2012. [58] Saboohi, Y., "Energy Supply Model: Esm 84", Technical Report, Sharif Energy Research Institute, (Seri), 2005. [59] Safarian, S., Y. Saboohi, and M. Kateb, "Evaluation of Energy Recovery and Potential of Hydrogen Production in Iranian Natural Gas Transmission Network", Energy policy, Vol. 61, pp. 65-77, 2013. [60] Sahabmanesh, A. and Y. Saboohi, "Model of Sustainable Development of Energy System, Case of Hamedan. Energy Policy", Vol. 104, pp. 66-79, 2017. [61] Conrad, K., "A Theory of Production with Waste and Recycling", Discussion papers/Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre und Statistik; Department of Economics, Universität Mannheim, Vol. 550, 1997. [62] Saboohi, Y., "Use of Cyclonic Heat Exchanger in the Production of Sponge Iron", UK Patent Application, No. 0717649.8, 2007. [63] IEA., "Energy Technology Transitions for Industry: Strategies for the Next Industrial Revolution", OECD Publishing, 2009.