Energy Engineering and Management

Energy Engineering and Management

Numerical Simulation of a Parabolic Trough Solar Collector Equipped with a Vortex Generator under Magnetic Field Using Cu-DWCNT/Therminol VP-1 Hybrid Nanofluid

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Alireza Aghaei 1
Alireza Mirzaei 2
1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
2 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan,, Kashan,, Iran
10.22052/eem.2026.257681.1146
Abstract
This study numerically investigated the thermal performance of a parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) equipped with a vortex generator (VG), which was under an external magnetic field, using a two-phase hybrid nanofluid (Cu-DWCNT/Therminol VP-1). Key parameters such as Reynolds number, nanoparticle concentration, and magnetic field intensity were analyzed.The paper presents a numerical simulation of heat transfer and fluid flow in a PTSC, using a hybrid nanofluid (Cu-DWCNT/Therminol VP-1) enhanced by vortex generators and exposed to a transverse magnetic field. Results showed that with 4% nanoparticle concentration, with Reynolds number of 33,000, and with optimized VG geometry (Case F), the exergetic efficiency increased by 65.83%. Moreover, the highest thermal enhancement under magnetic influence was observed at Hartmann number Ha = 125 and Re = 21,000.

Highlights

[1] Sheikholeslami, M., Jafaryar, M., Farkhadnia, F. "Investigation of turbulent flow and heat transfer in an air to water double-pipe heat exchanger", Neural Comput & Applic, Vol. 26, pp. 941–947. 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-014-1769-8

[2] Hosseini, S., Farhadi, M., Sedighi, K., "Experimental investigation of a solar desalination system using twisted tape and wire coil inside of spiral heat exchanger", Desalination, Vol. 420 pp.34-44,  2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.06.004.

[3] Kassim, S., Salah Fouad, A., Samarmad, O.,"Experimental and Numerical Study of Enhancement Heat Transfer Coefficient of TiO2/Water Nanofluid in Spiral Fluted Tube Equipped with Twisted Tape", Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia, Vol. 7, Number 2, https://doi.org/10.2174/2210681206666161021105504.

[4] Sadighi Dizaji, H., Jafarmadar, S., Mobadersani, F.,"Experimental studies on heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics for new arrangements of corrugated tubes in a double pipe heat exchanger", International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Vol. 96,, pp. 211-220, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2015.05.009.

[5] Hazbehian, M., Maddah, H., Mohammadiun, H., "Experimental investigation of heat transfer augmentation inside double pipe heat exchanger equipped with reduced width twisted tapes inserts using polymeric nanofluid". Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 52, pp. 2515–2529, 2016 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-016-1764-y

[6] Gupta, M., Kumar, R., Arora, N. "Forced Convective Heat Transfer of MWCNT/Water Nanofluid Under Constant Heat Flux: An Experimental Investigation". Arab J Sci Eng, Vol. 41, pp. 599–609, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-015-1699-5

[7] Maddah, H., Ghasemi, N., Keyvani, B., "Experimental and numerical study of nanofluid in heat exchanger fitted by modified twisted tape: exergy analysis and ANN prediction model". Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 53, pp. 1413–1423,2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-016-1906-2.

[8] Ghasemi, S.E., Ranjbar, A.A., "Numerical thermal study on effect of porous rings on performance of solar parabolic trough collector", Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol.118,, pp. 807-816, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.03.021.

[9] Chokphoemphun, S., Pimsarn, M.,  Thianpong, CH.,  Promvonge, P., "Heat transfer augmentation in a circular tube with winglet vortex generators", Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 23,pp. 605-614, Issue 4, 2015,, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2014.04.002.

[10] Hashemian, M., Jafarmadar, S., Sadighi Dizaji, H., "A comprehensive numerical study on multi-criteria design analyses in a novel form (conical) of double pipe heat exchanger", Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 102, pp. 1228-1237, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.04.057.

[11] Sheikholeslami, M., Hatami, M., Jafaryar, M., Farkhadnia, F., DomiriGanji, D., Gorji-Bandpy, M., "Thermal management of double-pipe air to water heat exchanger, Energy and Buildings", Vol. 88, pp. 361-366,2015https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.11.076.

[12] Hu, Y., Zhang, B., Tan, K., He, Y., Zhu, J., "Regulation of natural convection heat transfer for SiO2– solar salt nanofluids by optimizing rectangular vessels design", Asia-Pac J Chem Eng, Vol. 15, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.2409.

[13] Aghayari, R., Maddah, H., Pourkiaei, S.M., Ahmadi, M.H., Che, L., Ghazvini, M., "Theoretical and experimental studies of heat transfer in a double-pipe heat exchanger equipped with twisted tape and nanofluid", Eur. Phys.  J. Plus, Vol.135, No.252, 2020,  https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-00252-8.

[14] Samruaisin, P.,  Kunnarak, K., Chuwattanakul, V., Eiamsa‑ard, S., "Effect of sparsely placed twisted tapes installed with multiple‑transverse twisted‑baffles on heat transfer enhancement", Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 140, pp. 1159-1175, 2020,  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-09202-8.

[15] Pourfattah, F., Sabzpooshani, M., Bayer, Ö., Toghraie, D., Asadi, A., "On the optimization of a vertical twisted tape arrangement in a channel subjected to MWCNT–water nanofluid by coupling numerical simulation and genetic algorithm", Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 144, pp. 189-201,  2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09490-5.

[16] He, W., Toghraie, D., Lotfipour, A., Pourfattah, F., Karimipour, A., Afrand, M., "Effect of twisted-tape inserts and nanofluid on flow field and heat transfer characteristics in a tube", International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.  110, No. 104440, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2019.104440

[17] Singh, S.Kr., Sarkar, J., "Improving hydrothermal performance of double‑tube heat exchanger with modified twisted tape inserts using hybrid nanofluid", Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol.  143, pp. 4287–4298, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09380-w

[18] Karimipour, A., D’Orazio, A., Safdari Shadloo, M., "The effects of different nano particles of Al2O3 and Ag on the MHD nano fluid flow and heat transfer in a microchannel including slip velocity and temperature jump, Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures", Vol. 86,  pp.146-153, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2016.10.015

[19] Massoudi, M.D., Bechir Ben Hamida, M., A. Almeshaal, M., Hajlaoui, K., "The influence of multiple fins arrangement cases on heat sink efficiency of MHD MWCNT-water nanofluid within tilted T-shaped cavity packed with trapezoidal fins considering thermal emission impact, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer", Vol, 126, No. 105468, 2021, .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105468.

[20] Melnikov, I.A., Sviridov, E.V., Sviridov, V.G., Razuvanov, N.G., "Experimental investigation of MHD heat transfer in a vertical round tube affected by transverse magnetic field", Vol. 112, pp. 505-512, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2016.06.003.

[21] Talugeri, V., Pattana, N.B., Nasi, V.B., "Experimental investigation on a solar parabolic collector using water-based multi-walled carbon-nanotube with low volume concentrations" Sci Rep. Vol.13,No. 7398,  2023,     https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-34529-6.

[22] Rahman,.  Atiqur, Md.,  Hasnain, SM.,  Pandey, SH., Tapalova, A., Akylbekov, N., Zairov, R., "Review on nanofluids: preparation, properties, stability, and thermal performance augmentation in heat transfer applications." ACS omega, Vol. 9, No. 30, pp. 32328-32349, 2024,  https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c03279

[23] Zhu,.  Shiquan.,  Hu, Z., Cheng, CH.,  Hu, W.,  Cao, SH.,  Peng, Y.,  Li, L., Peng, Y., "Effect of the arrangement of longitudinal vortex generators on the performance of a parabolic trough solar collector." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, Vol:38, No. 3, pp. 1473-1486, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-024-0239-1

[24] Güner,. Levent., Taylan, O., Günay, AA., "Performance Improvement of Parabolic Trough Collector With Thermal Oil-Based Metal-Oxide Nanofluids." In SolarPACES Conference Proceedings, Vol. 3, 2024, https://doi.org/10.52825/solarpaces.v3i.2397

[25] Donga,  Ramesh. K.,  Kumar, S., Velidi, G., "Heat transfer enhancement in a parabolic trough collector using finned tubular absorber." Scientific Reports, Vol. 15, No. 24142, 2025,  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-07825-6

[26] Hejazian, M., Moraveji, M.K., Beheshti, A., "Comparative study of Euler and mixture models for turbulent flow of Al2O3 nanofluid inside ahorizontal tube",International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 52, pp. 152-158, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2014.01.022

[27] Zheng, Y., Yaghoubi, S., Dezfulizadeh, A., "Free convection/radiation and entropy generation analyses for nanofluid of inclined square enclosure with uniform magnetic field". J Therm Anal Calorim, Vol. 141, pp. 635–648, 2020,. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09497-y.

[28] Aminfar, H,. Mohammadpourfard, M,. Mohseni, F,. "Two-phase mixture model simulation of the hydro-thermal behavior of an electrically conductive ferrofluid in the presence of magnetic fields", Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Vol. 324, pp.830-842, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2011.09.028.

[29] Saffarian, M.R., Moravej, M., Doranehgard, M.H., "Heat transfer enhancement in a flat plate solar collector with different flow path shapes using nanofluid", Renewable Energy, Vol. 146, pp. 2316-2329, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.08.081.

[30] Roohbakhsh MeyaryDovom, A., Aghaei, A., HassaniJ oshaghani, A., Dezfulizadeh, A., azadi kakavandi, A., "Numerical analysis of heating aerosol carbon nanofluid flow in a power plant recupesrator with considering ash fouling: a deep learning approach", Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, Vol 141, pp 75-90, 2022,  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2022.05.001

[31] Nasirzadehroshenin, F., Maddah, H., Sakhaeinia, H.,"Investigation of Exergy of Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger Using Synthesized Hybrid Nanofluid Developed by Modeling". Int J Thermophys, Vol. 40, No. 87,  2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-019-2551-z.

[32] Mwesigye, A., Yılmaz, İ. H., Meyer, J. P., "Numerical analysis of the thermal and thermodynamic performance of a parabolic trough solar collector using SWCNTs-Therminol®VP-1 nanofluid", Renewable Energy, Vol. 119, pp. 844–862, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.10.047.

[33] Alqaed, S., Mustafa, J., Sharifpur, M. "Numerical simulation and artificial neural network modeling of exergy and energy of parabolic trough solar collectors equipped with innovative turbulators containing hybrid nanofluids". J Therm Anal Calorim,Vol. 148, pp. 8611–8626, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11538-7.

[34] Rahimi, A., Kasaeipoor, A., Hasani Malekshah, E., Kolsi, L.,"Experimental and numerical study on heat transfer performance of three-dimensional natural convection in an enclosure filled with DWCNTs-water nanofluid", Powder Technology, Vol 322, pp. 340-352, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2017.09.008.

[35] Soomro, F.A., Usman, M., El-Sapa, S. "Numerical study of heat transfer performance of MHD Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid flow over inclined surface". Arch Appl Mech, Vol.  92, pp. 2757–2765. 2022,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00419-022-02214-1.

[36] Dezfulizadeh, A., Aghaei, A., Hassani Joshaghani, A. "Exergy efficiency of a novel heat exchanger under MHD effects filled with water-based Cu–SiO2-MWCNT ternary hybrid nanofluid based on empirical data". J Therm Anal Calorim, Vol. 147, pp. 4781-4804,  2022 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-10867-3

Keywords
parabolic trough solar collector
vortex generator
hybrid nanofluid
magnetic field
two-phase flow
exergy efficiency
Subjects
[1] Sheikholeslami, M., Jafaryar, M., Farkhadnia, F. "Investigation of turbulent flow and heat transfer in an air to water double-pipe heat exchanger", Neural Comput & Applic, Vol. 26, pp. 941–947. 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-014-1769-8
[2] Hosseini, S., Farhadi, M., Sedighi, K., "Experimental investigation of a solar desalination system using twisted tape and wire coil inside of spiral heat exchanger", Desalination, Vol. 420 pp.34-44,  2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.06.004.
[3] Kassim, S., Salah Fouad, A., Samarmad, O.,"Experimental and Numerical Study of Enhancement Heat Transfer Coefficient of TiO2/Water Nanofluid in Spiral Fluted Tube Equipped with Twisted Tape", Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia, Vol. 7, Number 2, https://doi.org/10.2174/2210681206666161021105504.
[4] Sadighi Dizaji, H., Jafarmadar, S., Mobadersani, F.,"Experimental studies on heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics for new arrangements of corrugated tubes in a double pipe heat exchanger", International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Vol. 96,, pp. 211-220, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2015.05.009.
[5] Hazbehian, M., Maddah, H., Mohammadiun, H., "Experimental investigation of heat transfer augmentation inside double pipe heat exchanger equipped with reduced width twisted tapes inserts using polymeric nanofluid". Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 52, pp. 2515–2529, 2016 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-016-1764-y
[6] Gupta, M., Kumar, R., Arora, N. "Forced Convective Heat Transfer of MWCNT/Water Nanofluid Under Constant Heat Flux: An Experimental Investigation". Arab J Sci Eng, Vol. 41, pp. 599–609, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-015-1699-5
[7] Maddah, H., Ghasemi, N., Keyvani, B., "Experimental and numerical study of nanofluid in heat exchanger fitted by modified twisted tape: exergy analysis and ANN prediction model". Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 53, pp. 1413–1423,2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-016-1906-2.
[8] Ghasemi, S.E., Ranjbar, A.A., "Numerical thermal study on effect of porous rings on performance of solar parabolic trough collector", Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol.118,, pp. 807-816, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.03.021.
[9] Chokphoemphun, S., Pimsarn, M.,  Thianpong, CH.,  Promvonge, P., "Heat transfer augmentation in a circular tube with winglet vortex generators", Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 23,pp. 605-614, Issue 4, 2015,, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2014.04.002.
[10] Hashemian, M., Jafarmadar, S., Sadighi Dizaji, H., "A comprehensive numerical study on multi-criteria design analyses in a novel form (conical) of double pipe heat exchanger", Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 102, pp. 1228-1237, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.04.057.
[11] Sheikholeslami, M., Hatami, M., Jafaryar, M., Farkhadnia, F., DomiriGanji, D., Gorji-Bandpy, M., "Thermal management of double-pipe air to water heat exchanger, Energy and Buildings", Vol. 88, pp. 361-366,2015https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.11.076.
[12] Hu, Y., Zhang, B., Tan, K., He, Y., Zhu, J., "Regulation of natural convection heat transfer for SiO2– solar salt nanofluids by optimizing rectangular vessels design", Asia-Pac J Chem Eng, Vol. 15, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.2409.
[13] Aghayari, R., Maddah, H., Pourkiaei, S.M., Ahmadi, M.H., Che, L., Ghazvini, M., "Theoretical and experimental studies of heat transfer in a double-pipe heat exchanger equipped with twisted tape and nanofluid", Eur. Phys.  J. Plus, Vol.135, No.252, 2020,  https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-00252-8.
[14] Samruaisin, P.,  Kunnarak, K., Chuwattanakul, V., Eiamsa‑ard, S., "Effect of sparsely placed twisted tapes installed with multiple‑transverse twisted‑baffles on heat transfer enhancement", Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 140, pp. 1159-1175, 2020,  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-09202-8.
[15] Pourfattah, F., Sabzpooshani, M., Bayer, Ö., Toghraie, D., Asadi, A., "On the optimization of a vertical twisted tape arrangement in a channel subjected to MWCNT–water nanofluid by coupling numerical simulation and genetic algorithm", Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 144, pp. 189-201,  2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09490-5.
[16] He, W., Toghraie, D., Lotfipour, A., Pourfattah, F., Karimipour, A., Afrand, M., "Effect of twisted-tape inserts and nanofluid on flow field and heat transfer characteristics in a tube", International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.  110, No. 104440, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2019.104440
[17] Singh, S.Kr., Sarkar, J., "Improving hydrothermal performance of double‑tube heat exchanger with modified twisted tape inserts using hybrid nanofluid", Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol.  143, pp. 4287–4298, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09380-w
[18] Karimipour, A., D’Orazio, A., Safdari Shadloo, M., "The effects of different nano particles of Al2O3 and Ag on the MHD nano fluid flow and heat transfer in a microchannel including slip velocity and temperature jump, Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures", Vol. 86,  pp.146-153, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2016.10.015
[19] Massoudi, M.D., Bechir Ben Hamida, M., A. Almeshaal, M., Hajlaoui, K., "The influence of multiple fins arrangement cases on heat sink efficiency of MHD MWCNT-water nanofluid within tilted T-shaped cavity packed with trapezoidal fins considering thermal emission impact, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer", Vol, 126, No. 105468, 2021, .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105468.
[20] Melnikov, I.A., Sviridov, E.V., Sviridov, V.G., Razuvanov, N.G., "Experimental investigation of MHD heat transfer in a vertical round tube affected by transverse magnetic field", Vol. 112, pp. 505-512, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2016.06.003.
[21] Talugeri, V., Pattana, N.B., Nasi, V.B., "Experimental investigation on a solar parabolic collector using water-based multi-walled carbon-nanotube with low volume concentrations" Sci Rep. Vol.13,No. 7398,  2023,     https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-34529-6.
[22] Rahman,.  Atiqur, Md.,  Hasnain, SM.,  Pandey, SH., Tapalova, A., Akylbekov, N., Zairov, R., "Review on nanofluids: preparation, properties, stability, and thermal performance augmentation in heat transfer applications." ACS omega, Vol. 9, No. 30, pp. 32328-32349, 2024,  https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c03279
[23] Zhu,.  Shiquan.,  Hu, Z., Cheng, CH.,  Hu, W.,  Cao, SH.,  Peng, Y.,  Li, L., Peng, Y., "Effect of the arrangement of longitudinal vortex generators on the performance of a parabolic trough solar collector." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, Vol:38, No. 3, pp. 1473-1486, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-024-0239-1
[24] Güner,. Levent., Taylan, O., Günay, AA., "Performance Improvement of Parabolic Trough Collector With Thermal Oil-Based Metal-Oxide Nanofluids." In SolarPACES Conference Proceedings, Vol. 3, 2024, https://doi.org/10.52825/solarpaces.v3i.2397
[25] Donga,  Ramesh. K.,  Kumar, S., Velidi, G., "Heat transfer enhancement in a parabolic trough collector using finned tubular absorber." Scientific Reports, Vol. 15, No. 24142, 2025,  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-07825-6
[26] Hejazian, M., Moraveji, M.K., Beheshti, A., "Comparative study of Euler and mixture models for turbulent flow of Al2O3 nanofluid inside ahorizontal tube",International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 52, pp. 152-158, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2014.01.022
[27] Zheng, Y., Yaghoubi, S., Dezfulizadeh, A., "Free convection/radiation and entropy generation analyses for nanofluid of inclined square enclosure with uniform magnetic field". J Therm Anal Calorim, Vol. 141, pp. 635–648, 2020,. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09497-y.
[28] Aminfar, H,. Mohammadpourfard, M,. Mohseni, F,. "Two-phase mixture model simulation of the hydro-thermal behavior of an electrically conductive ferrofluid in the presence of magnetic fields", Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Vol. 324, pp.830-842, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2011.09.028.
[29] Saffarian, M.R., Moravej, M., Doranehgard, M.H., "Heat transfer enhancement in a flat plate solar collector with different flow path shapes using nanofluid", Renewable Energy, Vol. 146, pp. 2316-2329, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.08.081.
[30] Roohbakhsh MeyaryDovom, A., Aghaei, A., HassaniJ oshaghani, A., Dezfulizadeh, A., azadi kakavandi, A., "Numerical analysis of heating aerosol carbon nanofluid flow in a power plant recupesrator with considering ash fouling: a deep learning approach", Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, Vol 141, pp 75-90, 2022,  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2022.05.001
[31] Nasirzadehroshenin, F., Maddah, H., Sakhaeinia, H.,"Investigation of Exergy of Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger Using Synthesized Hybrid Nanofluid Developed by Modeling". Int J Thermophys, Vol. 40, No. 87,  2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-019-2551-z.
[32] Mwesigye, A., Yılmaz, İ. H., Meyer, J. P., "Numerical analysis of the thermal and thermodynamic performance of a parabolic trough solar collector using SWCNTs-Therminol®VP-1 nanofluid", Renewable Energy, Vol. 119, pp. 844–862, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.10.047.
[33] Alqaed, S., Mustafa, J., Sharifpur, M. "Numerical simulation and artificial neural network modeling of exergy and energy of parabolic trough solar collectors equipped with innovative turbulators containing hybrid nanofluids". J Therm Anal Calorim,Vol. 148, pp. 8611–8626, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11538-7.
[34] Rahimi, A., Kasaeipoor, A., Hasani Malekshah, E., Kolsi, L.,"Experimental and numerical study on heat transfer performance of three-dimensional natural convection in an enclosure filled with DWCNTs-water nanofluid", Powder Technology, Vol 322, pp. 340-352, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2017.09.008.
[35] Soomro, F.A., Usman, M., El-Sapa, S. "Numerical study of heat transfer performance of MHD Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid flow over inclined surface". Arch Appl Mech, Vol.  92, pp. 2757–2765. 2022,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00419-022-02214-1.
[36] Dezfulizadeh, A., Aghaei, A., Hassani Joshaghani, A. "Exergy efficiency of a novel heat exchanger under MHD effects filled with water-based Cu–SiO2-MWCNT ternary hybrid nanofluid based on empirical data". J Therm Anal Calorim, Vol. 147, pp. 4781-4804,  2022 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-10867-3
Energy Engineering and Management
Volume 15, Issue 2
Winter 2026
Pages 2-21